Convergence - the process by which a range of media platforms are integrated within a single piece of media technology
Symbiosis - the linking up of various companies to make profits from one product.
Semiotics - The study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.
Encode - creating a message for transmission by the addresser to the addressee
Decode - To extract the underlying meaning from a media text
Representation - refers to the construction in any media text of aspects of ‘reality’ such as people, places, objects, events, cultural identities and other abstract concepts. Such representations may be in speech or writing as well as still or moving pictures.
Juxtaposition - placing two contrasting things side by side in order to emphasize the comparison between them
Binary opposites - a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning. Binary opposition is the system by which, in language and thought, two theoretical opposites are strictly defined and set off against one another. It is the contrast between two mutually exclusive terms, used to create interest in media texts e.g. good/bad, coward/hero, young/old etc.
Iconic - A sign that gets its meaning because of its resemblance to what it signifies. Examples include photographs and drawings.
Indexical - a type of sign in which the signifier is physically caused by the signified. For example, where there is smoke, there is fire. Thus the signifier (smoke) is physically caused by the signified (fire).
Symbolic - a type of sign in which the signifier and the signified are connected solely through cultural convention. For example, Christianity (a signified) represented by a cross (signifier) or Judaism (signified) by a Star of David (signifier).
Metonymy - a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. (e.g. suit
for business executive, or the track for horse racing)
Synecdoche - A figure of speech in which a part is used to designate the whole or the whole is used to designate a part. For example, the phrase “all hands on deck” means “all men on deck,” not just their hands.
Mode of Address - The way a media product ‘speaks’ to it’s audience. In order to communicate, a producer of any text must make some assumptions about an intended audience
Hegemony - hegemony refers to the ways in which the media encourage people to consent to society power structures.
Verisimilitude - the appearance of being true or real. It is a likeliness that resembles reality, the truth or a fact's probability. E.g. The film lacked verisimilitude, i.e. it is impossible for it to happen in real life.
EDITING - CUTTING
Rule of thirds - Cuts must move by at least 30 degrees to avoid a ‘jump cut’ or ‘tangent cut’
Shot/reverse shot - a shot of one subject, then another, then back to the first. It is often used for conversation or reaction shots
Eyeline match - where a character looking atsomething off-screen, the next shot would show the object that they were looking at.
Graphic match - the major features of the composition in one shot are duplicated or matched in the next shot, providing a graphic continuity that serves to bridge the edit.
Action match - Matching the action (movement or motion) of characters or objects in one shot to the action in the next shot where the action continues or completes.
Jump cuts - two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from camera positions that vary only slightly. This type of edit causes the subject of the shots to appear to "jump" position in a discontinuous way.
Crosscutting - the cutting back and forth between two different shots, often employed to create suspense during rescue or chase sequences.
Parallel editing - A style of editing that involves cutting back and forth between two or more scenes in which the action is taking place simultaneously or in which one action is compared or contrasted with another.
Cutaway - cutaways cut away from the main scene or action to add related material.
Insert - An insert shot is a close-up of something that exists within the basic scene. The wider shot is typically visible within the establishing shot.
EDITING - TRANSITIONS
Fade-in - A type of transition used in visual media, in which the transition is at first black, fading to a visual image. A shot that begins totally over or under exposed (white or black) and gradually becomes properly exposed.
Fade-out - A gradual transition from full exposure to complete black.
Wipe - a gradual spatial transition from one image to another. One image is replaced by another with a distinct edge that forms a shape. A simple edge, an expanding circle, or the turning of a page are all examples.
Superimposition - Two of more images placed directly over each other (e.g. and eye and a camera lens to create a visual metaphor).
Long take - an uninterrupted shot in a film which lasts much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general, usually lasting several minutes.
Short take - a shot of film or video that has a brief duration on screen; usually less than 3 seconds.
Slow motion - The action of showing film or playing back video more slowly than it was made or recorded, so that the action appears slower than in real life
Ellipsis - movement and action unnecessary to the telling of a story will often be removed by editing. For example, there would be no need to show a character standing up from a chair and walking the length of a room to open a door. Instead, the character may be shown standing up from the chair and then in the next cut - normally viewed from a different angle - he would have already crossed the room and be over by the door. Narrative logic allows the viewer to disregard the ellipsis in this case.
Expansion of time - can be accomplished by inter-cutting a series of shots, or by filming the action from different angles and editing them together. Part of an action may be repeated from another viewpoint, e.g. a character is shown from the inside of a building opening a door and the next shot, from the outside, shows him opening it again. The technique may be used unobtrusively to stretch time, perhaps to exaggerate, for dramatic effect, the time taken to walk down a corridor. Sometimes combined with slow motion.
Post-production - Everything that takes place once the film has been shot. Including editing, grading, music, visual effects.
Visual effects - the various processes by which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shoot
EDITING - TRANSITIONS
Fade-in - A type of transition used in visual media, in which the transition is at first black, fading to a visual image. A shot that begins totally over or under exposed (white or black) and gradually becomes properly exposed.
Fade-out - A gradual transition from full exposure to complete black.
Wipe - a gradual spatial transition from one image to another. One image is replaced by another with a distinct edge that forms a shape. A simple edge, an expanding circle, or the turning of a page are all examples.
Superimposition - Two of more images placed directly over each other (e.g. and eye and a camera lens to create a visual metaphor).
Long take - an uninterrupted shot in a film which lasts much longer than the conventional editing pace either of the film itself or of films in general, usually lasting several minutes.
Short take - a shot of film or video that has a brief duration on screen; usually less than 3 seconds.
Slow motion - The action of showing film or playing back video more slowly than it was made or recorded, so that the action appears slower than in real life
Ellipsis - movement and action unnecessary to the telling of a story will often be removed by editing. For example, there would be no need to show a character standing up from a chair and walking the length of a room to open a door. Instead, the character may be shown standing up from the chair and then in the next cut - normally viewed from a different angle - he would have already crossed the room and be over by the door. Narrative logic allows the viewer to disregard the ellipsis in this case.
Expansion of time - can be accomplished by inter-cutting a series of shots, or by filming the action from different angles and editing them together. Part of an action may be repeated from another viewpoint, e.g. a character is shown from the inside of a building opening a door and the next shot, from the outside, shows him opening it again. The technique may be used unobtrusively to stretch time, perhaps to exaggerate, for dramatic effect, the time taken to walk down a corridor. Sometimes combined with slow motion.
Post-production - Everything that takes place once the film has been shot. Including editing, grading, music, visual effects.
Visual effects - the various processes by which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shoot
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